Temperature

The temperature requirements for Electron Microscopes are not particularly high. Typically, temperatures around 26 degrees Celsius in summer and 20 degrees Celsius in winter are acceptable for comfort and energy efficiency. However, the temperature change rate is important, with common requirements being ≤0.5°C/3 minutes or ≤0.5°C/5 minutes.

Good-quality central air conditioning systems can usually meet these requirements. For example, a well-known brand of split air conditioner has a four-minute cycle with temperature fluctuations of around 1 degree Celsius. Using precision air conditioning systems usually doesn't offer significant benefits in terms of price, maintenance costs, and applicability.

In practice, High-precision Electron Microscopes tend to be bulky and have larger heat capacities. As long as the temperature variation inside the room is not significant, minor fluctuations within a short period are unlikely to have a noticeable impact.

It's important to avoid excessively low temperatures in the electron microscope room to prevent condensation and dripping water on cooling water pipes, liquid nitrogen pipes, and Dewar flasks. For example, there was a case where an improperly placed old-fashioned spectroscopic circuit board under a liquid nitrogen Dewar flask got damaged due to condensation dripping.

Regarding auxiliary equipment rooms, such as those housing circulation cooling water tanks, air compressors, uninterrupted power supply (UPS) units, and vacuum pumps, it's necessary to calculate the required capacity of the air conditioning system based on the heat dissipation provided in the equipment specifications.

If the temperature in the auxiliary equipment room is too high, it can reduce the cooling efficiency of the circulation cooling water tank and increase the thermal drift of lenses.

Therefore, it is recommended to keep the temperature in the auxiliary equipment room below 35 degrees Celsius throughout the year.

Humidity

Frozen samples have high humidity requirements, and some users prefer a relative humidity below 25%. However, extremely low humidity can lead to electrostatic discharge. To address this, the freeze-fracture preparation machine can be moved closer to the Electron Microscope to minimize the exposure time of frozen samples, thereby reducing the humidity requirements.

Usually, relative humidity of below 65% is sufficient for the electron microscope room, which is a relatively low requirement that most air conditioning systems can easily meet (assuming the room door is kept closed and the time for personnel entry and exit is minimized).

If it is a newly constructed building within a year, it may take some time to eliminate the building's moisture. In such cases, a dehumidifier can be added to regulate the humidity.

Airflow

Another consideration is the airflow from the air conditioning system. In most cases, as long as the air conditioning outlets (whether mounted or cabinet-type) are not directly facing the microscope column during the layout planning of the electron microscope room, the issue of airflow is generally not a major concern. For high-demand Electron Microscopes, using cloth bags for air supply can be considered.

As indicated by the formula airflow = air velocity × air outlet area, increasing the outlet area can reduce the air velocity while maintaining the same airflow.

A successful case from a university involves an approximately 50 square meter Electron Microscope room with a nearly square floor plan. Two air supply outlets (1m x 1m cross-section) were placed diagonally on the roof, and two return air outlets (0.8m x 0.8m cross-section) were placed on opposite diagonal corners. This arrangement allowed the airflows to flow along the walls, effectively achieving the air supply task, and creating a "quiet zone" near the microscope column (which is located near the center of the room). Multiple tests showed that the air velocity reached 0.00 m/s.

Noise

Noise is another issue to consider, as even the volume of a phone call can cause horizontal interference stripes (similar to jagged lines caused by magnetic interference) in images with magnifications over 100,000 times.

If it is not possible to move the noise source away, the walls and ceiling can be covered with flame-retardant foam materials for sound absorption. Micro-perforated panels (made of iron or aluminum composite panels, for example) should be used for the walls. Foam materials with a thickness of 40-80mm generally provide noticeable sound absorption effects.

In general, as long as the door is closed and no one speaks, the impact of noise interference can be negligible.

Conclusion

This series of electron microscope installation environment pictures, texts, and recommendations are based on practical experience gained from over a decade of site surveys and renovations. It holds a high reference value.

The site conditions are of significant importance to the performance of electron microscopes.

Therefore, it is highly recommended to let professionals handle their respective areas of expertise. Both users and manufacturers should engage professional companies and personnel for site surveys and renovations. In addition, a rigorous supervision mechanism and clear accountability system should be established to prevent the participation of unscrupulous practitioners and the loss of equipment efficiency.

Furthermore, the studio strongly urges electron microscope users and relevant personnel from manufacturers to actively participate and enhance their understanding of electron microscope installation environments. This will ensure that valuable national and corporate funds are utilized to their fullest.

Recently, the research teams led by Professor Aiwen Lei from Wuhan University and Professor Lin He from Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, made a significant breakthrough in asymmetric urea synthesis. Their research results, titled "Synchronous recognition of amines in oxidative carbonylation toward unsymmetrical ureas" were published in the prestigious international journal "Science" on November 15th.

Published in "Science" with the Support of CIQTEK EPR

Unsymmetrical ureas are important compounds widely used in medicine, agriculture, and materials science. The synthesis of unsymmetrical ureas through amine reactions is the most effective method. However, achieving high selectivity in synthesizing unsymmetrical ureas is challenging due to the competitive reactivity of the two amines. So far, no metal-catalyzed method can efficiently and selectively recognize and install multiple amines at the same site.

In their research, the teams deeply analyzed the electron transfer process between copper salts and amines and successfully detected the in situ-generated ammonium radical cation and its captured radical species with DMPO during the reaction. This provided crucial evidence for revealing the copper ion-mediated free radical activation mechanism of secondary amines. Combining the selective nucleophilic activation of primary amines by cobalt catalysts, the teams designed a "synchronous recognition strategy" that achieved efficient carbonylation reactions of a 1:1 molar ratio of two amines, producing highly selective unsymmetrical urea products.

This achievement provides new avenues for the industrial production of unsymmetrical urea compounds and is expected to have broad applications in fields such as medicine and agriculture. It also demonstrates the precise characterization capabilities of the EPR spectrometer developed by CIQTEK, providing strong support for researchers to deepen their understanding of reaction mechanisms and develop innovative synthesis strategies.

The research paper was published in "Science" and can be accessed at the following link:

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl0149

A "Timely Rain" that Achieves Customer Satisfaction, Scripting a Success Story

Behind this achievement is a story of collaboration between CIQTEK and the research team. In October 2021, an imported EPR spectrometer at the College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, encountered a sudden malfunction.

After contacting the manufacturer, they learned that the repair would take a long time. This posed a challenge for the experimental work of the faculty and students.

In December of the same year, at the invitation of the faculty, engineers from CIQTEK overcame the challenges posed by the pandemic and arrived on-site to troubleshoot the issue. They quickly identified a problem with the magnet power supply and immediately provided a solution.

On the same day, they completed the hardware repair, performance calibration, and standard sample testing, restoring the equipment to normal operation.

The university expressed its gratitude to CIQTEK, stating, "During the instrument failure, our college was unable to use the equipment for experimental work for two months.

The support provided by CIQTEK was like a 'timely rain,' allowing us to continue with multiple research projects. In this equipment repair, we witnessed the solid and reliable technical expertise of CIQTEK's EPR team and experienced the high sense of responsibility of high-end scientific instrument manufacturers. The team's quick response, strong capabilities, and high efficiency exemplify the model of scientific instrument manufacturers."

In 2023, the Center for Optoelectronic Nanocatalysis and Industrial Applications at the Wuhan University Institute of Advanced Studies introduced the EPR spectrometer, which played a significant role in the team's research. As CIQTEK continues to make breakthroughs in EPR spectrometers, the company is also increasing its efforts to cultivate professional talent.

From Technology to Talent, Together Towards an Innovative Future

The achievement is closely related to the in-depth research of the team led by Professor Lei Aiwen at Wuhan University in the field of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) technology. Over the past four months, Lei Aiwen's team has continuously published high-level research papers in "Science" (2 papers), "Nature" and "Nature Chemistry".

CIQTEK, in collaboration with the University of Science and Technology of China and the Instrument Application Demonstration Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, has established three major course systems:

v “Advanced EPR Workshop” 

v “Spectroscopy Campus Tour”

v “EPR Application Sharing and Exchange Conference.”

Through these courses, which gradually progress in complexity and combine theory with practice, multidisciplinary interaction in Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy is continuously promoted.

In October of this year, CIQTEK officially released the world's first AI-EPR Spectrometer, achieving a breakthrough in the field. In the future, with the continuous advancement of EPR technology and ongoing product innovation, this powerful scientific research tool will undoubtedly help more research teams overcome technical barriers and promote continuous original breakthroughs in chemistry, materials, biology, and other fields.

What Are the Features and Benefits of Using RT/duroid 6010.2LM PCB?

Welcome to a comprehensive overview of RT/duroid 6010.2LM, a cutting-edge ceramic-PTFE composite laminate designed for electronic and microwave circuit applications. With its high dielectric constant and exceptional performance characteristics,RT/duroid 6010.2LM 50mil PCB empowers engineers to optimize circuit size reduction, achieve low loss at X-band frequencies and below, and ensure repeatable circuit performance. In this blog, we delve deep into the features, benefits, construction details, statistics, and typical applications of this remarkable PCB material.

Introduction of RT/duroid 6010.2LM

RT/duroid 6010.2LM laminates are engineered ceramic-PTFE composites specifically developed to meet the demands of electronic and microwave circuit applications. These high frequency laminates boast a high dielectric constant (Dk), enabling designers to reduce circuit size while maintaining excellent performance. The exceptional Dk of 10.2 +/- 0.25 at 10GHz, combined with low loss characteristics (dissipation factor of .0023 at 10GHz), makes RT/duroid 6010.2LM an ideal choice for applications where reliable signal transmission is critical.

Features

Rogers 6010.2LM offers a comprehensive range of features that make it a standout choice for electronic and microwave circuit designers:

1)Dk of 10.2 +/- 0.25 at 10GHz:

Enables circuit size reduction without compromising performance.

Low dissipation factor: With a dissipation factor of .0023 at 10GHz, this material ensures minimal signal loss.

2)High decomposition temperature:

RT/duroid 6010.2LM boasts a TGA decomposition temperature (Td) of 500°C, ensuring excellent stability under high-temperature conditions.

3)Low moisture absorption:

With a moisture absorption rate of just 0.01%, this material minimizes the effects of moisture on electrical loss.

4)Coefficient of thermal expansion:

The material exhibits a low Z-axis expansion, ensuring reliable plated through holes in multilayer boards.

5)Excellent thermal conductivity:

With a thermal conductivity of 0.86W/mk, heat is efficiently dissipated, enabling excellent thermal management.

6)Flammability rating:

RT/duroid 6010.2LM carries a V-0 UL94 flammability rating, indicating its self-extinguishing properties in case of fire.

Benefits

The advantages offered by RT/duroid 6010.2LM Rogers PCB material make it an exceptional choice for electronic and microwave circuit applications. Some key benefits include:

1)Circuit size reduction:

The high dielectric constant of this material allows designers to reduce the size of their circuits without sacrificing performance.

2)Low loss at X-band or below:

With its low dissipation factor, RT/duroid 6010.2LM excels in applications operating at X-band frequencies and below, ensuring reliable and efficient signal transmission.

3)Reliable plated through holes:

The low Z-axis expansion of this material ensures the integrity and longevity of plated through holes in multilayer boards, enhancing overall reliability.

4)Minimal moisture absorption:

The low moisture absorption rate of RT/duroid 6010.2LM mitigates the negative effects of moisture, reducing electrical loss and enhancing the overall performance of the circuit.

Repeatable performance:

Through tightεr and thickness control, this material delivers consistent circuit performance, ensuring reliable operation in a variety of conditions.

PCB Construction and Stackup

The RT/duroid 6010.2LM PCB is a double layer circuit board with the following specifications:

Copper layer 1: 35μm

Rogers RT/duroid 6010.2LM Core: 1.27 mm (50mil)

Copper layer 2: 35μm

The finished board thickness is 1.39mm, with a finished copper weight of 1oz (1.4 mils) on the outer layers. The via plating thickness is 20μm, and the surface finish is immersion gold. The PCB also features a green top solder mask, white top silkscreen, and no bottom solder mask or bottom silkscreen.

PCB Construction Details

The Rogers 6010.2LM PCB boasts the following construction details:

Board dimensions: The board measures 78mm x 98mm with a tolerance of +/- 0.15mm.

Minimum Trace/Space: The board supports a minimum trace/space width of 5/6 mils, enabling precise routing and compact circuit designs.

Minimum Hole Size: Holes as small as 0.4mm can be accommodated.

No blind vias: The PCB does not support blind vias.

100% Electrical Test: Each board undergoes a comprehensive electrical test to ensure its functionality prior to shipment.

PCB Statistics

The RT/duroid 6010.2LM 50mil Rogers substrate PCB presents the following statistical specifications:

Components: The PCB supports up to 12 components.

Total Pads: A total of 36 pads are available for component and interconnection purposes.

Thru Hole Pads: The PCB provides 22 thru-hole pads for versatile connectivity options.

Top SMT Pads: There are 14 top surface mount technology (SMT) pads available for compact and efficient component placement.

Bottom SMT Pads: The PCB does not support bottom surface mount technology (SMT) pads.

Vias: The PCB supports 25 vias for interconnecting signal layers and achieving efficient routing.

Nets: There are 2 nets on the PCB, enabling various signal paths.

Type of Artwork Supplied and Quality Standard

The RT/duroid 6010.2LM PCB accepts Gerber RS-274-X format for artwork, ensuring compatibility with industry-standard electronic design automation (EDA) tools. It adheres to IPC-Class-2 quality standards, guaranteeing a high level of manufacturing precision and reliability.

Availability

The RT/duroid 6010.2LM PCB is available worldwide, empowering engineers and designers globally to leverage its exceptional capabilities for their electronic and microwave circuit applications.

Typical Applications

RT/duroid 6010.2LM 50mil Rogers material PCBs find extensive usage in a wide range of applications, including:

1)Patch Antennas:

These PCBs enable the efficient construction of high-performance patch antennas used in wireless communication systems.

2)Satellite Communications Systems:

RT/duroid 6010.2LM PCBs play a crucial role in satellite communications systems, ensuring reliable signal transmission in space.

3)Power Amplifiers:

The exceptional performance characteristics of these PCBs make them ideal for power amplifier designs, enabling enhanced power handling and efficient signal transmission.

4)Aircraft Collision Avoidance Systems:

RT/duroid 6010.2LM PCBs contribute to the safety and reliability of aircraft collision avoidance systems by providing a dependable signal transmission medium.

Ground Radar Warning Systems: These PCBs help enable the swift detection and warning of radar signals, supporting efficient ground radar warning systems.

Conclusion

RT/duroid 6010.2LM PCBs, with their high dielectric constant, low loss, and reliable performance, empower engineers to design and develop advanced electronic and microwave circuits. These Rogers PCBs provide exceptional features and benefits, ensuring circuit size reduction, low loss at X-band frequencies and below, and reliable operation. With worldwide availability, RT/duroid 6010.2LM high frequency PCBs are poised to revolutionize the field of electronic and microwave circuit applications, enabling cutting-edge innovations and ensuring consistent performance in environments.

What Is TLY-5Z PCB?

Introduction

Welcome to our comprehensive product description of the TLY-5Z PCB 10mil Taconic material. With its cutting-edge design and advanced features, the TLY-5Z PCB is set to revolutionize the world of electronic circuitry. In this blog post, we will delve into the key characteristics, benefits, construction details, and applications of this exceptional laminated PCB. Whether you are an industry professional or an electronics enthusiast, this informative guide will provide a deeper understanding of the TLY-5Z PCB's capabilities and why it is the ideal choice for your next project.

Introduction of TLY-5Z

The TLY-5Z laminates are at the forefront of technology, offering exceptional performance for a variety of applications. These laminates feature glass-filled PTFE composites with woven fiberglass reinforcement, making them ideal for low-density applications in the aerospace industry that require minimized weight. Unlike non-reinforced PTFE, the TLY-5Z laminates provide dimensional stability while also offering a low Z-axis expansion rate. This advanced composite showcases superior thermal stability, specifically in relation to Z-axis expansion-induced stress on plated through holes. With TLY-5Z, you can achieve performance levels previously unattainable with conventional low dielectric constant PTFE composites.

Features

The TLY-5Z PCB boasts an impressive array of features, engineered to deliver exceptional performance and reliability. Here are the key features at a glance:

2.1 DK of 2.2 +/- 0.04 at 10 GHz/23°C:

The TLY-5Z PCB offers a stable dielectric constant, ensuring consistent signal integrity at high frequencies.

2.2 Dissipation factor of 0.0015 at 10 GHz/23°C:

This low dissipation factor minimizes energy loss and improves overall efficiency.

2.3 TcDK of -72 ppm/°C ranging -55~150°C:

The TLY-5Z PCB exhibits excellent thermal stability, making it suitable for applications exposed to varying temperature conditions.

2.4 Moisture Absorption 0.03%:
With minimal moisture absorption, the TLY-5Z PCB remains stable and reliable over extended periods.

2.5 CTE in X-axis of 30 ppm/°C, Y-axis of 40 ppm/°C, and Z-axis of 130 ppm/°C:

The balanced coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) ensures dimensional stability, reducing the risk of warping and other mechanical issues in the PCB.

2.6 UL-94 V0 Flammability Rating:

This high flame-retardancy rating ensures compliance with stringent safety standards, making the TLY-5Z PCB suitable for applications where fire safety is critical.

Benefits

The TLY-5Z 10mil Taconic substrate PCB offers several advantages that set it apart from traditional alternatives. Consider the following benefits when choosing the TLY-5Z for your next project:

3.1 Low Z Axis CTE:

The TLY-5Z's low Z-axis CTE ensures excellent dimensional stability, minimizing the risk of reliability issues such as plated through hole failures caused by thermal expansion.

3.2 Plated Through Hole Stability:

With its exceptional thermal stability and low Z-axis expansion, the TLY-5Z PCB provides reliable and consistent performance for plated through holes, ensuring excellent signal transmission across the entire board.

3.3 Low Density (1.92 g/cm³):

The TLY-5Z's low density design contributes to reduced weight and enhanced overall performance, making it an ideal choice for aerospace applications and any other weight-sensitive projects.

3.4 Attractive Price/Performance Ratio:

Despite its advanced features, the TLY-5Z PCB offers a competitive price/performance ratio, providing excellent value for your investment.

3.5 Excellent Peel Strength:

The TLY-5Z features outstanding peel strength, allowing it to withstand harsh environments and offering resistance against delamination and other mechanical stresses.

3.6 Compatible with Profile Copper Foil:

The TLY-5Z is well-suited for use with profile copper foil, enabling efficient signal transfer and enhancing overall electrical performance.

Stackup: 2-layer rigid PCB

The TLY-5Z PCB is designed as a 2-Layer 10mil Circuit Board PCB, featuring the following stackup:

Copper_layer_1: 35μm

TLY-5Z: 0.254 mm (10mil)

Copper_layer_2: 35μm

This configuration ensures optimal signal integrity and efficient power distribution, meeting the requirements of a wide range of applications.

PCB Construction Details

The TLY-5Z PCB is meticulously crafted to meet the highest quality standards. Here are the construction details of this exceptional PCB:

Board dimensions: The TLY-5Z PCB measures 90.17mm x 41.36mm, providing a compact yet versatile platform for your electronic designs.

Minimum Trace/Space: Achieve precise designs with a minimum trace/space requirement of 5/6 mils, ensuring efficient routing and reducing the risk of signal interference.

Minimum Hole Size: The TLY-5Z PCB supports a minimum hole size of 0.2mm, allowing for intricate designs and facilitating the use of smaller components.

No Blind Vias: The absence of blind vias simplifies the manufacturing and assembly process, reducing costs and ensuring consistent quality.

Finished Board Thickness: The TLY-5Z PCB boasts a finished board thickness of 0.3mm, striking a balance between durability and flexibility in a wide range of applications.

Finished Cu Weight: The outer layers of the TLY-5Z PCB have a finished copper weight of 1oz (1.4 mils), guaranteeing excellent conductivity and efficient power distribution.

Via Plating Thickness: The TLY-5Z PCB features via plating thickness of 20μm, ensuring robust connections and minimizing the risk of signal loss.

Surface Finish: The TLY-5Z PCB comes with an immersion gold surface finish, enhancing the PCB's durability, solderability, and resistance to oxidation.

Top and Bottom Silkscreen: The TLY-5Z PCB does not include top or bottom silkscreen, allowing for a clean, minimalist aesthetic.

Top and Bottom Solder Mask: The TLY-5Z PCB does not include top or bottom solder mask, giving you flexibility in customization and allowing for specific requirements.

100% Electrical Test: Each TLY-5Z PCB undergoes a comprehensive 100% electrical test prior to shipment, ensuring the highest level of quality control and guaranteeing reliable performance.

PCB Statistics

To provide further insight into the capabilities of the TLY-5Z 10mil Taconic laminates PCB, consider the following statistics:

Components: The TLY-5Z PCB supports up to 12 components, allowing for complex electronic designs.

Total Pads: With a total of 44 pads, the TLY-5Z PCB offers ample room for component placement and ensures convenient connectivity.

Thru Hole Pads: The TLY-5Z PCB includes 25 thru-hole pads, providing options for both through-hole and surface mount components.

Top SMT Pads: Deliver versatility with 19 top surface mount technology (SMT) pads, allowing for a variety of component options.

Bottom SMT Pads: The TLY-5Z PCB does not include bottom SMT pads, optimizing space and making it ideal for single-sided assembly.

Vias: Enjoy the flexibility of 31 vias, enabling efficient layer-to-layer connections and enhancing signal integrity.

Nets: The TLY-5Z PCB boasts 2 nets, ensuring reliable signal transmission across the entire board.

Artwork and Standards

The TLY-5Z 10mil Substrate PCB follows the Gerber RS-274-X artwork format and adheres to the IPC-Class-2 standard, ensuring industry-wide compatibility and reliable performance.

Availability

The TLY-5Z 10mil Taconic PCB materials is available for purchase worldwide, allowing customers from various regions to benefit from its exceptional features and performance.

Typical Applications

The TLY-5Z Taconic PCB finds application in a wide range of industries, including:

1.Aerospace Components:

The TLY-5Z PCB 10mil's low density and dimensional stability make it an excellent choice for aerospace applications that require lightweight, high-performance materials.

2.Low Weight Antennas for Aircraft:

With its low Z axis expansion and reliable plated through hole stability, the TLY-5Z PCB 10mil is ideal for designing low-weight antennas for aircraft communication systems.

3.RF Passive Components:

TLY-5Z PCB 10mil's excellent dielectric properties and low dissipation factor make it suitable for RF passive components, enabling efficient signal transmission and reduced losses.

Conclusion

The TLY-5Z PCB 10mil is a revolutionary product that combines advanced glass-filled PTFE composites with woven fiberglass reinforcement. With its superior thermal stability, low Z-axis expansion, and exceptional performance characteristics, the TLY-5Z Taconic TLX PCB is the ideal choice for aerospace components, lightweight antennas for aircraft, RF passive components, and a variety of high-performance applications. Its low density, attractive price-to-performance ratio, and compatibility with profile copper foil set it apart from traditional PCB alternatives. Choose the TLY-5Z high frequency PCB for your next project and unlock limitless possibilities in electronic circuitry.

In a fast-paced world where our devices are constantly vying for attention, having a reliable charging solution is more important than ever. Enter the 10-Port USB-C fast charger, a revolutionary charging dock that consolidates your charging needs into a sleek and efficient product. This innovative charger station doesn’t just accommodate multiple devices; it elevates your entire charging experience, making it perfect for bustling offices or home entertainment setups.

Imagine having the power to charge 10 devices simultaneously, with each USB-C port delivering a maximum of 100W. This means your laptops, tablets, and smartphones can all be fueled up at lightning speed, eliminating the hassle of tangled cords and limited outlets. The versatility of this charger makes it suitable for various settings, from tech hubs and classrooms to gaming dens and even travel—anywhere you need to plug in, this charging dock has you covered.

What truly sets this charging dock apart is its intelligent control feature, supported by a multilingual “innovatechrger” app. Whether you speak English, German, Japanese, Mandarin, or French, you can effortlessly monitor and manage your devices from your smartphone. Set charging schedules, check power distribution, and even receive notifications—all from the palm of your hand. This ensures not only the safety of your devices but also optimal charging efficiency, reducing energy waste and keeping your workspace organized.

In conclusion, the 10-Port USB-C fast charger is more than just a charger; it’s a must-have for anyone who relies on multiple devices. Say goodbye to clutter and hello to convenience, as this charger station brings together smart technology and powerful performance. Whether at home or on the go, stay charged and connected with ease. Are you ready to revolutionize your charging experience?

As is well known, electrical equipment requires grounding for safety protection. The outer casing or exposed metal parts of various devices need to be directly connected to the earth to ensure that in the event of a short circuit or leakage, the voltage on the casing or exposed metal parts remains within a safe range for human contact (the current safety standard specifies a voltage not exceeding 24V), thus ensuring personal safety.

Electron Microscopes are no exception and also require grounding for safety. In the event of a system leakage, a discharge path is provided to ensure the safety of operators or maintenance personnel.

However, there is a special requirement for Electron Microscopes. The grounding wire of the electron microscope serves as the common "zero potential" reference point for various subsystems within the electron microscope (such as detectors, signal processing amplifiers, electron beam control, etc.), and the voltage must be stable at zero potential.

In theory, the grounding wire is a reference point with zero voltage. However, in practice, when there is a current in the grounding circuit (this current is usually referred to as leakage current or ground current, which is the vector sum of the leakage currents generated by various electrical equipment), any grounding terminal in the grounding circuit will have a ground voltage (because the grounding resistance of any grounding wire, although small, cannot be zero, according to Ohm's law V=IR, the ground voltage V will not be zero when the leakage current I is non-zero).

Although this ground voltage is usually negligible, for Electron Microscopes that often need to magnify images by tens of thousands to millions of times, the resulting impact is often significant and cannot be ignored.

The fluctuation of the ground voltage directly causes artifacts similar to magnetic fields and vibration interference at the vertical edges of the scanned image, and in severe cases, it can cause image shaking.

The solution to this problem is simple, which is to set up a dedicated grounding circuit specifically for the electron microscope, which is referred to as a "single earth loop." This eliminates the interference from the leakage currents of other electrical devices on the same power circuit to the Electron Microscope.

Note that the grounding body, grounding wire, and grounding terminal must all be independent and not connected to any conducting body to ensure the complete independence of the grounding wire.

The following common errors should be avoided:

1) Not installing a completely independent grounding body, but simply laying a grounding wire connected to a common grounding body.

2) Although there is a separate grounding body, the grounding wire or grounding terminal is connected to a common ground wire or other electrical devices.

3) Try to avoid using "equipotential terminal boxes" that are usually connected to the common ground wire or are shorted to light steel keels.

4) Try to avoid using a single grounding wire for two or more electron microscopes (some users have multiple microscopes and are reluctant to install a separate grounding wire for each microscope).

5) Do not use existing underground metal conductors as the grounding body, such as reinforcing bars in the bottom beams of buildings, as they are public property. Do not borrow the grounding body of the weak current system, as they are not reliable.

The grounding resistance requirement for electron microscopes is not high in practice. A few years ago, a certain brand required a resistance of below 100 ohms. Currently, most manufacturers require a resistance of 1 to 10 ohms.

Grounding construction generally includes "deep well type" and "shallow pit type" methods (see Figures 1 and 2). Note that regardless of the method used, a distance of more than four meters should be maintained in a straight line from the grounding body to any underground metal to prevent interference.

Deep well-type construction instructions (for reference):

1. Drill a deep hole: with a diameter of about 50-100 millimeters and a depth of about 3-20 meters, reaching a damp soil layer is sufficient.

2. Grounding body: a copper pipe with a wall thickness of 2 millimeters (a copper rod can also be used) with a diameter of about 30 millimeters and a length of about 0.5 meters, welded to the grounding wire (at least three points) and led to the vicinity of the electron microscope.

3. Grounding wire: 4-10 square millimeters of rubber or plastic multi-strand copper core wire.

4. Conductivity improver: about 2-3 kilograms of salt and charcoal.

5. Construction process: Place the grounding body at the bottom of the hole, prepare a long and thin tool (rebar, water pipe, etc.), gradually fill the conductivity improver from the bottom up and compact it, then continue backfilling and compacting, paying special attention to compacting and tightening around the grounding body, and be careful not to break the grounding wire.

Figure 1. Deep well type diagram

Shallow pit type construction instructions (for reference):

1. Excavate a shallow pit with a depth of about 0.5-2 meters, reaching a damp soil layer is sufficient.

2. Grounding body: a copper plate of about 0.5×0.5 meters with a thickness of 2-3 millimeters, welded to the grounding wire (at least three points) and led to the vicinity of the electron microscope.

3. Grounding wire: 4-10 square millimeters of rubber or plastic multi-strand copper core wire.

4. Conductivity improver: about 2.5-5 kilograms of salt and charcoal.

5. Construction process: Place the copper plate vertically at the bottom of the pit, first cover it with the conductivity improver, compact and tighten it, then continue backfilling and compacting, being careful not to break the grounding wire.

Figure 2. Shallow pit diagram

The "deep well type" is suitable for places where it is difficult to excavate the ground or the groundwater level is deep. Generally speaking, the "shallow pit type" is the more common method.

Regardless of the "deep well type" or "shallow pit type," according to this construction process, the grounding resistance can be achieved between 4 and 10 ohms (for a single grounding body).

In places where the soil resistance is high, multiple grounding bodies can be connected to form a small grounding system to reduce the grounding impedance. In this case, the distance between each grounding body should be 0.3-0.5 meters (the same borehole can be used for the deep well type).

Through actual testing, the grounding resistance of a single grounding body is typically around 4 ohms, two grounding bodies are around 3 ohms, three grounding bodies are around 2 ohms, and six to ten grounding bodies can achieve a resistance of below 1 ohm (depending on the soil resistivity).

Since the danger of "step voltage" does not exist, there is no need to follow the practice of a lightning protection grid grounding system.

At the same time, to reduce the influence of other underground conductors nearby, this small grounding system should occupy as little underground area as possible.

To prevent accidental short circuits, the grounding wire should be directly connected to the grounding wire of the Electron Microscope (or the grounding bus inside the electron microscope), without using common grounding boxes or terminal boxes, not entering other equipotential terminal boxes or switch boxes, and not being connected to busbars.

In October 2024, CIQTEK officially launched the AI Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectrometer. This series of products possesses AI-driven spectrum analysis and intelligent literature correlation and achieves a groundbreaking signal-to-noise ratio of 10,000:1, which is the highest in the field of EPR spectroscopy. For your reference, we have compiled the following questions and answers to address user concerns.

01. Is the AI spectrum analysis function only for simple free radicals? Can it analyze multi-electron systems?

The AI EPR Spectrometer's spectrum analysis function is not limited to simple free radicals and can also analyze complex multi-electron systems. Specifically, it can fit over 90% of free radical samples and support the analysis of multi-electron systems, including metal complexes and multi-component samples. Therefore, whether it's a single type or a more complex multi-electron structure, AI spectrum analysis is capable.

02. What is the source of data for AI spectrum analysis?

The data for the AI-EPR Spectrometer's spectrum analysis comes from multiple authoritative sources. The internal database contains over 24,000 substance components, 250,000 related published literature, and more than 200,000 measured data points from various universities, research institutions, and testing centers. These extensive data sources ensure the accuracy of AI spectrum analysis.

03. How does AI spectrum analysis perform on multi-spin systems?

AI spectrum analysis can effectively handle complex multi-spin systems and accurately distinguish and fit multiple components. However, multi-spin systems involve more complex parameters, which present greater challenges for analysis. Nonetheless, AI spectrum analysis typically provides reliable preliminary results for users' reference.

04. Can AI spectrum analysis analyze metal samples?

AI spectrum analysis can handle the analysis of metal samples. It not only supports the fitting of free radical samples but has also been optimized specifically for metal complexes and multi-component systems. Therefore, the analysis of metal samples, especially those involving paramagnetic metal ions, falls within its capabilities. However, the precision of the results may vary depending on the specific metal and sample complexity.

05. Does AI spectrum analysis support EPR instruments from other brands?

Currently, the AI spectrometric system is not compatible with direct integration and usage of EPR spectrometers from other brands. The current system only supports EPR spectrometers from CIQTEK.

06. If a sample is more complex, such as multi-component with coupling between components, can AI still be used?

For complex samples with multiple components and coupling between them, AI spectrum analysis can certainly provide significant assistance. Leveraging its rich data and intelligent algorithms, it can partially differentiate and identify components, even in the absence of extensive experiential knowledge. AI spectrum analysis can provide analysis results to help users quickly understand the main features in the spectra.

07. What is the reliability of AI analysis, and can the analysis results be included in the platform's testing reports?

In most cases, AI spectrum analysis has a high level of reliability, especially for common free radicals and metal samples, where the accuracy of the results can exceed 90%. The results can provide reliable references for preliminary analysis. However, due to the complexity of spectra and the diversity of samples, in a very small number of cases involving high complexity and coupling, AI analysis results may require further manual confirmation. Therefore, it is recommended to include AI-assisted analysis results as supplementary data in formal testing reports, explicitly stating that it is analyzed with AI to ensure the scientific rigor and validity of results.

In today's digital age, smart watches have evolved into more than just timekeeping devices. They are now powerful tools for monitoring our health on the go. Let's take a closer look at three remarkable features - ECG monitoring and HRV tracking function.

ECG Monitoring: A Guardian for Heart Health

Electrocardiogram (ECG) detection in smart watches is a game-changer. It acts as a heart abnormality paraphernalia, allowing users to conduct portable electrocardiogram tests at any time. Equipped with an ECG sensor chip, these watches collect heart electrocardiogram waveforms. This enables users to detect abnormalities promptly and assess the sudden risk of heart issues.

HRV Tracking: Unveiling the Secrets of Heart Rate Variability

HRV, or heart rate variability, refers to the change in the difference of each heartbeat cycle. It is a crucial indicator for judging the ability of neural activity to regulate the cardiovascular system. Smart watches with HRV tracking capabilities provide valuable insights into our heart's health. A high correlation with various cardiovascular diseases and sudden events makes HRV monitoring essential. By continuously tracking HRV, we can better understand our body's stress levels, recovery after exercise, and overall cardiovascular health. 

NORTH EDGE is a leading provider of multifunctional outdoor watches and smartwatches, dedicated to serving outdoor enthusiasts worldwide. With our commitment to innovation, style, and reliability, we have established ourselves as a trusted brand in the competitive landscape of outdoor timepieces.

In the world of outdoor adventure, every detail counts, and a reliable outdoor watch is an indispensable piece of equipment.

Nowadays, more and more outdoor watches are using carbon fiber composite materials as their shells, such as NORTH EDGE MARS, NORTH EDGE MARS PRO and NORTH EDGE ALPS. Because there are many interesting reasons behind this.

Firstly, they offer a high strength-to-weight ratio. This ensures the shell is robust and durable while reducing the watch's overall weight, allowing wearers to move freely and minimizing the burden during outdoor activities.

 

Secondly, these materials are highly resistant to wear and corrosion. They protect the movement and components from scratches, collisions, and sweat erosion, prolonging the watch's lifespan.

 

Impact resistance is another key factor. In outdoor adventures, accidental impacts are common, but carbon fiber composite materials can absorb and disperse the forces, safeguarding the watch.

 

Good temperature adaptability is also crucial. Whether in extreme hot or cold, the performance of these materials remains stable, ensuring the watch functions properly in all climates.

 

Finally, the unique texture and look of carbon fiber add a fashionable and high-end touch, meeting outdoor enthusiasts' desires for personalized and quality products.

In conclusion, the numerous benefits of carbon fiber composite materials make them the perfect choice for outdoor watch shells, delivering reliable, durable, and aesthetically appealing timepieces to outdoor enthusiasts.